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WebAssembly

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#e0e0e0;">WebAssembly</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured</a>; <a href="Stack_machine" title="Stack machine">stack machine</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a></li><li><a href="Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</a></li><li><a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></li><li><a href="Google" title="Google">Google</a></li><li><a href="Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">March 2017 (2017-03)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Platform_independent" class="mw-redirect" title="Platform independent">Platform independent</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Apache_License_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache License 2.0">Apache License 2.0</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extensions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">

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</style>.wat (text format)</li><li>.wasm (binary format)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webassembly.org/">webassembly.org</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">

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</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Asm.js" title="Asm.js">asm.js</a></li><li><a href="Google_Native_Client" title="Google Native Client">PNaCl</a></li><li><a href="Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>

WebAssembly (Wasm) defines a <a href="Software_portability" title="Software portability">portable</a> <a href="Binary_code" title="Binary code">binary-code</a> format and a corresponding text format for <a href="Executable" title="Executable">executable programs</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> as well as <a href="Software" title="Software">software</a> interfaces for facilitating communication between such programs and their host environment.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>

The main goal of WebAssembly is to facilitate high-performance applications on <a href="Web_page" title="Web page">web pages</a>, but it is also designed to be usable in non-web environments.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> It is an <a href="Open_standard" title="Open standard">open standard</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a> intended to support any language on any operating system,<a href="#cite_note-Wasmer-10">[10]</a> and in practice many of the most popular languages already have at least some level of support.

Announced in 2015 (2015) and first released in March 2017 (2017-03), WebAssembly became a <a href="World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> recommendation on 5 December 2019<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> and it received the Programming Languages Software Award from <a href="Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">ACM</a> <a href="SIGPLAN" title="SIGPLAN">SIGPLAN</a> in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The <a href="World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> (W3C) maintains the standard with contributions from <a href="Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</a>, <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>, <a href="Fastly" title="Fastly">Fastly</a>, <a href="Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, and <a href="Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ars-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-bytecode-16">[16]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

The name WebAssembly is intended to suggest bringing <a href="Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a> programming to the <a href="World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>, where it will be executed <a href="Client%E2%80%93server_model" title="Client–server model">client-side</a>, by the website-user's computer via the user's <a href="Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>. To accomplish this, WebAssembly must be much more hardware-independent than a true assembly language.

WebAssembly was first announced in 2015,<a href="#cite_note-Launch_bug-17">[17]</a> and the first demonstration was executing <a href="Unity_(game_engine)" title="Unity (game engine)">Unity</a>'s Angry Bots in <a href="Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Unity_in_Firefox-18">[18]</a> <a href="Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a>,<a href="#cite_note-V8_blog-19">[19]</a> and <a href="Microsoft_Edge_Legacy" title="Microsoft Edge Legacy">Microsoft Edge [Legacy]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Edge-20">[20]</a> The precursor technologies were <a href="Asm.js" title="Asm.js">asm.js</a> from <a href="Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</a> and <a href="Google_Native_Client" title="Google Native Client">Google Native Client</a>,<a href="#cite_note-techcrunch2015-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-PNaCl-22">[22]</a> and the initial implementation was based on the feature set of asm.js.<a href="#cite_note-initial_implementation-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[note 1]</a>

In March 2017, the design of the <a href="Minimum_viable_product" title="Minimum viable product">minimum viable product</a> (MVP) was declared to be finished and the preview phase ended.<a href="#cite_note-MVP-26">[25]</a> In late September 2017, <a href="Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari 11</a> was released with support. In February 2018, the WebAssembly Working Group published three public working drafts for the Core Specification, JavaScript Interface, and Web API.<a href="#cite_note-W3C-WD2018-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-W3C-CSWD2018-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-W3C-JIWD2018-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-W3C-WAWD2018-30">[29]</a>

In June 2019, Chrome 75 was released with WebAssembly threads enabled by default.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a>

Since April 2022, WebAssembly 2.0 has been in draft status.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> It adds many <a href="SIMD" class="mw-redirect" title="SIMD">SIMD</a>-related instructions and a new v128 datatype, with the ability for functions to return multiple values, and mass memory initialize/copy.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementations">Implementations</h2></div>

While WebAssembly was initially designed to permit near-native code execution speed in the web browser, it has been considered valuable outside of such, in more generalized contexts.<a href="#cite_note-nonweb-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-nonwebsrc-35">[34]</a> Since WebAssembly's runtime environments (RE) are low-level <a href="Stack_machine" title="Stack machine">virtual stack machines</a> (akin to <a href="Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">JVM</a> or <a href="Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Flash VM</a>) that may be embedded into host applications, some implementations create standalone runtime environments like Wasmtime  and Wasmer .<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wasmer-10">[10]</a> WebAssembly runtime environments are embedded in <a href="Application_server" title="Application server">application servers</a> to host "server-side" WebAssembly applications and in other applications to support <a href="Plug-in_(computing)" title="Plug-in (computing)">plug-in</a>-based software extension architectures, e.g., "WebAssembly for Proxies" (Proxy-Wasm) which specifies a WebAssembly-based <a href="Application_binary_interface" title="Application binary interface">ABI</a> for extending <a href="Proxy_server" title="Proxy server">proxy servers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_browsers">Web browsers</h3></div>

In November 2017, Mozilla declared support "in all major browsers",<a href="#cite_note-in_browsers-38">[37]</a> after WebAssembly was enabled by default in Edge [Legacy] 16.<a href="#cite_note-Edge16-39">[38]</a> This support also includes mobile web browsers for iOS and Android. As of March 2024, 99% of tracked web browsers support WebAssembly (version 1.0),<a href="#cite_note-canIuse.com-40">[39]</a> more than for its predecessor <a href="Asm.js" title="Asm.js">asm.js</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> For some extensions, from the 2.0 draft standard, support may be lower, but still more than 90% of web browsers may already support, e.g. the reference types extension.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compilers">Compilers</h2></div>

WebAssembly implementations usually use either <a href="Ahead-of-time_compilation" title="Ahead-of-time compilation">ahead-of-time</a> (AOT) or <a href="Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">just-in-time</a> (JIT) compilation, but may also use an <a href="Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreter</a>. While the first implementations were in <a href="Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a>, there are also non-browser implementations for general-purpose use, including Wasmer,<a href="#cite_note-Wasmer-10">[10]</a> Wasmtime<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> or WAMR,<a href="#cite_note-bytecode-16">[16]</a> wasm3, WAVM, and many others.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a>

Because WebAssembly <a href="Executable" title="Executable">executables</a> are precompiled, it is possible to use a variety of programming languages to make them.<a href="#cite_note-AcceleratingWeb-45">[44]</a> This is achieved either through direct compilation to Wasm, or through an implementation of their corresponding <a href="Virtual_machine#Process_virtual_machines" title="Virtual machine">virtual machines</a> in Wasm. Some 40 programming languages are reported to support Wasm as a compilation target.<a href="#cite_note-Implementations-46">[45]</a>

<a href="Emscripten" title="Emscripten">Emscripten</a> compiles <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> and <a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> to Wasm<a href="#cite_note-MVP-26">[25]</a> using <a href="Clang" title="Clang">Clang</a> as a frontend, replacing <a href="LLVM" title="LLVM">LLVM</a> as backend and using Binaryen  as an optimizer.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> The <a href="Emscripten" title="Emscripten">Emscripten SDK</a> can compile any <a href="LLVM" title="LLVM">LLVM</a>-supported languages (such as <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> or <a href="Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a>, among others) source code into a binary file which runs in the same <a href="Sandbox_(computer_security)" title="Sandbox (computer security)">sandbox</a> as JavaScript code.<a href="#cite_note-52">[note 2]</a> Emscripten provides bindings for several commonly used environment interfaces like <a href="WebGL" title="WebGL">WebGL</a>.

As of version 8, a standalone <a href="Clang" title="Clang">Clang</a> can compile <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> and <a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> to Wasm.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> Its initial aim was to support <a href="Compilation_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compilation (computing)">compilation</a> from <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> and <a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>,<a href="#cite_note-github.com-54">[52]</a> though support for other source <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">languages</a> such as <a href="Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a>, <a href=".NET_languages" class="mw-redirect" title=".NET languages">.NET languages</a><a href="#cite_note-Rust-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Implementations-46">[45]</a> and <a href="AssemblyScript" title="AssemblyScript">AssemblyScript</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> (<a href="TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a>-like) is also emerging.

After the MVP release, WebAssembly added support for <a href="Thread_(computing)#Single-threaded_vs_multithreaded_programs" title="Thread (computing)">multithreading</a> and <a href="Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage collection</a> (WasmGC, and web browsers including Safari have added support for it),<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> which allowed more efficient compilation for garbage-collecting programming languages like <a href="C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a> (supported via <a href="Blazor" title="Blazor">Blazor</a>), <a href="F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a> (supported via Bolero<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> with help of Blazor) and <a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a>

A number of other languages have some support, including <a href="Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a>,<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> <a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>,<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> <a href="Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> <a href="Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> and <a href="Ring_(programming_language)" title="Ring (programming language)">Ring</a>.<a href="#cite_note-InfoWorld-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a>

A number of systems can compile Java and other <a href="List_of_JVM_languages" title="List of JVM languages">JVM languages</a> to JavaScript and WebAssembly. These include CheerpJ,<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> JWebAssembly<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> and TeaVM.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> <a href="Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a> supports WebAssembly directly.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations">Limitations</h2></div>

<a href="Web_browser" title="Web browser">Web browsers</a> do not permit WebAssembly code to directly manipulate the <a href="Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">Document Object Model</a>. Wasm code must defer to <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> for this.<a href="#cite_note-76">[note 3]</a>

In an October 2023 survey of developers, less than half of the 303 participants were satisfied with the state of WebAssembly. A large majority cited the need for improvement in four areas: WASI, debugging support, integration with JavaScript and browser APIs, and build tooling.<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a>

For memory-intensive allocations in WebAssembly, there are "grave limitations that make many applications infeasible to be reliably deployed on mobile browsers [..] Currently allocating more than ~300MB of memory is not reliable on Chrome on Android without resorting to Chrome-specific workarounds, nor in Safari on iOS."<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a>

All major browsers allow WebAssembly if Content-Security-Policy is not specified, or if "unsafe-eval" is used, but behave differently otherwise.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> Chrome requires "unsafe-eval",<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-81">[78]</a> though a worker thread can be a workaround.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-81">[78]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security_considerations">Security considerations</h2></div>

In June 2018, a security researcher presented the possibility of using WebAssembly to circumvent browser mitigations for <a href="Spectre_(security_vulnerability)" title="Spectre (security vulnerability)">Spectre</a> and <a href="Meltdown_(security_vulnerability)" title="Meltdown (security vulnerability)">Meltdown</a> security vulnerabilities once support for <a href="Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">threads</a> with shared memory is added. Due to this concern, WebAssembly developers put the feature on hold.<a href="#cite_note-forcepoint-82">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-bleeping_computer-83">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-tech_republic-84">[81]</a> However, in order to explore these future language extensions, Google Chrome added experimental support for the WebAssembly thread proposal in October 2018.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a>

WebAssembly has been criticized for allowing greater ease of hiding the evidence for <a href="Malware" title="Malware">malware</a> writers, scammers and <a href="Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a> attackers; WebAssembly is present on the user's machine only in its compiled form, which "[makes malware] detection difficult".<a href="#cite_note-virus_bulletin-86">[83]</a> Speed and the easy ability to conceal in WebAssembly have led to its use in hidden <a href="Cryptocurrency#Mining" title="Cryptocurrency">crypto mining</a> within the website visitor's device.<a href="#cite_note-virus_bulletin-86">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-malwarebytes-87">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-forcepoint-82">[79]</a> <a href="Coinhive" class="mw-redirect" title="Coinhive">Coinhive</a>, a now defunct service facilitating cryptocurrency mining in website visitors' browsers, claims their "miner uses WebAssembly and runs with about 65% of the performance of a native Miner."<a href="#cite_note-forcepoint-82">[79]</a> A June 2019 study from the <a href="Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Braunschweig" class="mw-redirect" title="Technische Universität Braunschweig">Technische Universität Braunschweig</a> analyzed the usage of WebAssembly in the Alexa top 1 million websites and found the prevalent use was for malicious crypto mining, and that malware accounted for more than half of the WebAssembly-using websites studied.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> An April 2021 study from <a href="University_of_Stuttgart" title="University of Stuttgart">Universität Stuttgart</a> found that since then crypto mining has been marginalized, falling to below 1% of all WebAssembly modules gathered from a wide range of sources, also including the Alexa top 1 million websites.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a>

As WebAssembly supports only structured <a href="Control_flow" title="Control flow">control flow</a>, it is amenable toward security verification techniques including <a href="Symbolic_execution" title="Symbolic execution">symbolic execution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance">Performance</h2></div>

Benchmark results vary between implementations and between themselves. Performance was benchmarked early to be around 91% (i.e., 10% slower) for running code, not including load/instantiation time<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> or more recently between 100% and 33% of native rates,<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> and 120% of JavaScript (i.e. 20% faster).<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[note 4]</a>

A 2021 study suggested that WebAssembly, in the versions they tested at that time, was much faster than JavaScript in certain cases with some browsers, such as running a complex function on a small file, e.g. processing a graphics file, but that JavaScript had some optimizations available, e.g. JIT, that WebAssembly did not.<a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a>

Benchmarking has revealed several other pain-points for WebAssembly, such as poor performance because of no direct access to the DOM,<a href="#cite_note-99">[note 5]</a> a problem which is being addressed.<a href="#cite_note-100">[95]</a>

WebAssembly System Interface (WASI) is a simple interface (<a href="Application_binary_interface" title="Application binary interface">ABI</a> and <a href="Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">API</a>) designed by <a href="Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</a>, which is intended to be portable to any platform.<a href="#cite_note-WASI-101">[96]</a> It provides <a href="POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a>-like features like file I/O constrained by <a href="Capability-based_security" title="Capability-based security">capability-based security</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[98]</a> There are additional proposed ABI/APIs.<a href="#cite_note-reference-sysroot-104">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-wasm-c-api-105">[100]</a>

WASI is influenced by <a href="Capsicum_(Unix)#CloudABI" title="Capsicum (Unix)">CloudABI</a> and <a href="Capsicum_(Unix)" title="Capsicum (Unix)">Capsicum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[101]</a>

<a href="Solomon_Hykes" class="mw-redirect" title="Solomon Hykes">Solomon Hykes</a>, a co-founder of <a href="Docker_(software)" title="Docker (software)">Docker</a>, wrote in 2019, "If WASM+WASI existed in 2008, we wouldn't have needed to create Docker. That's how important it is. WebAssembly on the server is the future of computing."<a href="#cite_note-107">[102]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specification">Specification</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Host_environment">Host environment</h3></div>

The general standard provides core specifications for the JavaScript API and details on embedding.<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virtual_machine">Virtual machine</h3></div>

Wasm code (binary code, i.e. bytecode) is intended to be run on a <a href="Software_portability" title="Software portability">portable</a> virtual <a href="Stack_machine" title="Stack machine">stack machine</a> (VM).<a href="#cite_note-stack_machine-108">[103]</a> The VM is designed to be faster to parse and execute than JavaScript and to have compact code representation.<a href="#cite_note-github.com-54">[52]</a> Any external functionality (like <a href="System_call" title="System call">syscalls</a>) that may be expected by Wasm binary code is not stipulated by the standard. It rather provides a way to deliver interfacing via modules by the host environment that the VM runs in.<a href="#cite_note-109">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wasm_program">Wasm program</h3></div>

A Wasm program is designed as a separate module containing collections of various Wasm-defined values and program type definitions. These are provided in either binary or textual format (see below) that have a common structure.<a href="#cite_note-110">[105]</a> Such a module may provide a start function that is executed upon instantiation of a wasm binary.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Instruction_set">Instruction set</h4></div>

The core standard for the binary format of a Wasm program defines an <a href="Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">instruction set architecture</a> (ISA) consisting of specific <a href="Opcode" title="Opcode">binary encodings</a> of types of operations which are executed by the VM (without specifying how exactly they must be executed).<a href="#cite_note-111">[106]</a> The list of instructions includes standard memory load/store instructions, numeric, parametric, <a href="Control_flow" title="Control flow">control of flow</a> <a href="Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">instruction types</a> and Wasm-specific variable instructions.<a href="#cite_note-112">[107]</a>

The number of opcodes used in the original standard (MVP) was a bit fewer than 200 of the 256 possible opcodes. Subsequent versions of WebAssembly pushed the number of opcodes a bit over 200. The <a href="WebAssembly_SIMD" class="mw-redirect" title="WebAssembly SIMD">WebAssembly SIMD</a> proposal (for parallel processing) introduces an alternate <a href="Opcode_prefix" title="Opcode prefix">opcode prefix</a> (0xfd) for <a href="128-bit_computing" title="128-bit computing">128-bit</a> SIMD. The concatenation of the SIMD prefix, plus an opcode that is valid after the SIMD prefix, forms a SIMD opcode. The SIMD opcodes bring an additional 236 instructions for the "minimum viable product" (MVP) SIMD capability (for a total of around 436 instructions).<a href="#cite_note-113">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[109]</a> Those instructions, the "finalized opcodes"<a href="#cite_note-115">[110]</a> are enabled by default across Google's V8 (in Google Chrome), the SpiderMonkey engine in Mozilla Firefox, and the JavaScriptCore engine in Apple's Safari<a href="#cite_note-116">[111]</a> and there are also some additional proposal for instructions for later "post SIMD MVP", and there is also a separate "relaxed-simd" proposal on the table.<a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a>

These SIMD opcodes are also portable and translate to native instruction sets like x64 and ARM. In contrast, neither Java's <a href="Java_bytecode_instruction_listings" class="mw-redirect" title="Java bytecode instruction listings">JVM</a> nor <a href="List_of_CIL_instructions" title="List of CIL instructions">CIL</a> support SIMD, at their opcode level, i.e. in the standard; both do have some parallel APIs which provide SIMD speedup. There is an extension for Java adding <a href="Intrinsic_function" title="Intrinsic function">intrinsics</a> for x64 SIMD,<a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a> that isn't portable, i.e. not usable on ARM or smartphones. Smartphones can support SIMD by calling assembly code with SIMD, and C# has similar support.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Code_representation">Code representation</h4></div>

In March 2017, the WebAssembly Community Group reached consensus on the initial (MVP) binary format, JavaScript API, and reference interpreter.<a href="#cite_note-Roadmap-119">[114]</a> It defines a WebAssembly binary format (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.wasm</code>), which is not designed to be used by humans, as well as a human-readable WebAssembly text format (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.wat</code>) that resembles a cross between S-expressions and traditional assembly languages.

The table below shows an example of a <a href="Factorial" title="Factorial">factorial</a> function written in <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> and its corresponding WebAssembly code after compilation, shown both in .wat text format (a human-readable textual representation of WebAssembly) and in .wasm binary format (the raw <a href="Bytecode" title="Bytecode">bytecode</a>, expressed below in <a href="Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hexadecimal</a>), that is executed by a Web browser or run-time environment that supports WebAssembly.

<caption>C source code and corresponding WebAssembly

</caption>

<th scope="col">C source code

</th>

<th scope="col">WebAssembly .wat text format

</th>

<th scope="col">WebAssembly .wasm binary format

</th></tr>

<td>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>int factorial(int n) {

if (n == 0)

return 1;

else

return n * factorial(n-1);

}

</pre></div>

</td>

<td>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wat mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>(func (param i64) (result i64)

local.get 0

i64.eqz

if (result i64)

i64.const 1

else

local.get 0

i64.const 1

i64.sub

call 0

i64.mul

end)

</pre></div>

</td>

<td>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>00 61 73 6D 01 00 00 00

01 06 01 60 01 7E 01 7E

03 02 01 00

0A 17 01

15 00

20 00

04 7E

42 01

20 00

42 01

10 00

</pre></div>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

All integer constants are encoded using a space-efficient, variable-length <a href="LEB128" title="LEB128">LEB128</a> encoding.<a href="#cite_note-wasmint-120">[115]</a>

The WebAssembly text format is more canonically written in a folded format using <a href="S-expression" title="S-expression">S-expressions</a>. For instructions and expressions, this format is purely <a href="Syntactic_sugar" title="Syntactic sugar">syntactic sugar</a> and has no behavioral differences with the linear format.<a href="#cite_note-Folded_Instructions-121">[116]</a> Through <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">wasm2wat</code>, the code above decompiles to:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wat mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>(module

(type $t0 (func (param i64) (result i64)))

(func $f0 (type $t0) (param $p0 i64) (result i64)

(if $I0 (result i64) ;; $I0 is an unused label name

(i64.eqz

(local.get $p0)) ;; the name $p0 is the same as 0 here

(then

(i64.const 1))

(else

(i64.mul

(local.get $p0)

(call $f0 ;; the name $f0 is the same as 0 here

(i64.sub

(local.get $p0)

(i64.const 1))))))))

</pre></div>

A module is implicitly generated by the compiler. The function is referenced by an entry of the type table in the binary, hence a type section and the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">type</code> emitted by the decompiler.<a href="#cite_note-122">[117]</a> The compiler and decompiler can be accessed online.<a href="#cite_note-123">[118]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Architecture_Neutral_Distribution_Format" title="Architecture Neutral Distribution Format">Architecture Neutral Distribution Format</a> (ANDF)</li>

<li><a href="UNCOL" title="UNCOL">UNCOL</a></li>

<li><a href="Java_bytecode" title="Java bytecode">Java bytecode</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_Language_Runtime" title="Common Language Runtime">Common Language Runtime</a></li>

<li><a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">Compilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_portability" title="Software portability">Software portability</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> The asm.js file already provides near-native code execution speeds: "Even discarding the one score where asm.js did better, it executes at around 70% of the speed (i.e., slower) of native C++ code.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> and can be considered a viable alternative for browsers that do not support WebAssembly or have it disabled for security reasons.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> According to official documentation, the Emscripten SDK may be used to create <code>.wasm</code> files which then may be executed in a web browser.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> Even though Emscripten can consume various languages when using <a href="Clang" title="Clang">Clang</a>, some problems may arise.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> For <a href="Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a>/Wasm development, third-party libraries can provide some of the necessary JavaScript I/O.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> A personal web page of 2024 reported a benchmark of a simple game application on a mobile phone found between 110% and 190% (i.e. faster) of native rates depending on the browser.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> "WebAssembly provides no access to the surrounding environment other than via the JavaScript API described in the JS API specification."<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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This article incorporates text from a <a href="Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under Apache License 2.0 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/WebAssembly/design/blob/main/LICENSE">license statement/permission</a>). Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/WebAssembly/design/blob/main/TextFormat.md">Text Format</a>, jfbastien; rossberg-chromium; kripken; titzer; s3ththompson; sunfishcode; lukewagner; flagxor; enricobacis; c3d; binji; andrewosh, GitHub. WebAssembly/design.

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<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a> on <a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>, hosts Design Documents</li>

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<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/WebAssembly">"WebAssembly"</a>. MDN Web Docs. 16 April 2024.</cite> Has info on browser compatibility and specifications (WebAssembly JavaScript API)</li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="CSS_animations" title="CSS animations">Animations</a></li>

<li><a href="Flexbox" title="Flexbox">Flexbox</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotion_Markup_Language" title="Emotion Markup Language">EmotionML</a></li>

<li><a href="W3C_Geolocation_API" title="W3C Geolocation API">Geolocation API</a></li>

<li><a href="Indexed_Database_API" title="Indexed Database API">IndexedDB</a></li>

<li><a href="Linked_Data_Notifications" title="Linked Data Notifications">Linked Data Notifications</a></li>

<li><a href="MathML" title="MathML">MathML</a></li>

<li><a href="Micropub_(protocol)" title="Micropub (protocol)">Micropub</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="RDF_Schema" title="RDF Schema">Schema</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="SVG_filter_effects" title="SVG filter effects">Filter Effects</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="SCXML" title="SCXML">SCXML</a></li>

<li><a href="SHACL" title="SHACL">SHACL</a></li>

<li><a href="SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a></li>

<li><a href="Timed_text" title="Timed text">Timed text</a></li>

<li><a href="VoiceXML" title="VoiceXML">VoiceXML</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_storage" title="Web storage">Web storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Webmention" title="Webmention">Webmention</a></li>

<li><a href="WebSub" title="WebSub">WebSub</a></li>

<li><a href="WebVTT" title="WebVTT">WebVTT</a></li>

<li><a href="XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a>

<li><a href="XML_Encryption" title="XML Encryption">Encryption</a></li>

<li><a href="XML_Events" title="XML Events">Events</a></li>

<li><a href="XML_Information_Set" title="XML Information Set">Information Set</a></li>

<li><a href="XML_namespace" title="XML namespace">Namespace</a></li>

<li><a href="XML_Schema_(W3C)" title="XML Schema (W3C)">Schema</a></li>

<li><a href="XML_Signature" title="XML Signature">Signature</a></li>

<li><a href="XForms" title="XForms">XForms</a></li>

<li><a href="XInclude" title="XInclude">XInclude</a></li>

<li><a href="XLink" title="XLink">XLink</a></li>

<li><a href="XPath" title="XPath">XPath</a>

<li><a href="XPointer" title="XPointer">XPointer</a></li>

<li><a href="XProc" title="XProc">XProc</a></li>

<li><a href="XQuery" title="XQuery">XQuery</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="XSLT_elements" title="XSLT elements">elements</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="IndieAuth" title="IndieAuth">IndieAuth</a></li>

<li><a href="XAdES" title="XAdES">XAdES</a></li>

<li><a href="XHTML%2BSMIL" title="XHTML+SMIL">XHTML+SMIL</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="World_Wide_Web_Consortium#Working_draft_(WD)" title="World Wide Web Consortium">Working drafts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Call_Control_eXtensible_Markup_Language" title="Call Control eXtensible Markup Language">CCXML</a></li>

<li><a href="CURIE" title="CURIE">CURIE</a></li>

<li><a href="InkML" title="InkML">InkML</a></li>

<li><a href="SMIL_Timesheets" title="SMIL Timesheets">SMIL Timesheets</a></li>

<li><a href="WebGPU" title="WebGPU">WebGPU</a></li>

<li><a href="WebXR" title="WebXR">WebXR</a></li>

<li><a href="XFrames" title="XFrames">XFrames</a></li>

<li><a href="XMLHttpRequest" title="XMLHttpRequest">XMLHttpRequest</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guidelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">Web Content Accessibility Guidelines</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Initiative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="W3C_Markup_Validation_Service" title="W3C Markup Validation Service">Markup Validation Service</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_Accessibility_Initiative" title="Web Accessibility Initiative">Web Accessibility Initiative</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_Components" title="Web Components">Web Components</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deprecated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="WebPlatform.org" title="WebPlatform.org">WebPlatform</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsoleted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="XHTML%2BMathML%2BSVG" title="XHTML+MathML+SVG">XHTML+MathML+SVG</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups, organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a></li>

<li>Defunct: <a href="World_Wide_Web_Foundation" title="World Wide Web Foundation">World Wide Web Foundation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elected</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li>Board</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Working</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Web_Authentication_Working_Group" title="Web Authentication Working Group">WebAuthn</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Community, business</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Improving_Web_Advertising_Business_Group" title="Improving Web Advertising Business Group">Web Advertising BG</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Closed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="W3C_Device_Description_Working_Group" title="W3C Device Description Working Group">Device Description</a> (DDWG)</li>

<li><a href="W3C_MMI" title="W3C MMI">Multimodal Interaction Activity</a> (MMI)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="CERN_httpd" title="CERN httpd">CERN httpd</a></li>

<li><a href="Libwww" title="Libwww">Libwww</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Web_browser" title="Web browser">Browsers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Arena_(web_browser)" title="Arena (web browser)">Arena</a> (1993–98)</li>

<li><a href="Agora_(web_browser)" title="Agora (web browser)">Agora</a> (1994–97)</li>

<li><a href="Amaya_(web_editor)" title="Amaya (web editor)">Amaya</a> (browser/editor, 1996–2012)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="The_Web_Conference" title="The Web Conference">International World Wide Web Conference</a> (IW3C)

<ul><li><a href="International_World_Wide_Web_Conference_Committee" title="International World Wide Web Conference Committee">Steering Committee</a> (IW3C2)</li>

<li><a href="First_International_Conference_on_the_World-Wide_Web" title="First International Conference on the World-Wide Web">First conference</a> ("WWW1", 1994)</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Web_browsers181" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Web_browsers181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Web_browser" title="Web browser">Web browsers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Features_*_standards_*_protocols181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">

<ul><li>Features</li>

<li>standards</li>

<li>protocols</li></ul>

</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bookmark_(digital)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bookmark (digital)">Bookmarks</a></li>

<li><a href="Browser_extension" title="Browser extension">Extensions</a></li>

<li><a href="Private_browsing" title="Private browsing">Privacy mode</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Web_standards" title="Web standards">Web standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>

<ul>

<li><a href="Web_storage" title="Web storage">Web storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Indexed_Database_API" title="Indexed Database API">IndexedDB</a></li>

<li><a href="WebGL" title="WebGL">WebGL</a></li>

<li><a href="WebGPU" title="WebGPU">WebGPU</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protocols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="HTTPS" title="HTTPS">Encryption</a></li>

<li><a href="HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie">Cookies</a>

<ul><li><a href="Third-party_cookies" title="Third-party cookies">third-party</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="WebRTC" title="WebRTC">WebRTC</a></li>

<li><a href="WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSocket</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Active181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Active</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Blink_(browser_engine)" title="Blink (browser engine)">Blink</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Avast_Secure_Browser" title="Avast Secure Browser">Avast</a></li>

<li><a href="Comodo_Dragon" title="Comodo Dragon">Comodo</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecosia#Ecosia_Browser" title="Ecosia">Ecosia</a></li>

<li><a href="Huawei_Mobile_Services" title="Huawei Mobile Services">Huawei</a></li>

<li><a href="Maxthon" title="Maxthon">Maxthon</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Microsoft Edge</a></li>

<li><a href="Opera_(web_browser)" title="Opera (web browser)">Opera</a> (<a href="Opera_Mobile" title="Opera Mobile">Mobile</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Puffin_Browser" title="Puffin Browser">Puffin </a></li>

<li><a href="Samsung_Internet" title="Samsung Internet">Samsung</a></li>

<li><a href="Sleipnir_(web_browser)" title="Sleipnir (web browser)">Sleipnir</a></li>

<li><a href="SRWare_Iron" title="SRWare Iron">SRWare</a></li>

<li><a href="Vivaldi_(web_browser)" title="Vivaldi (web browser)">Vivaldi</a></li>

<li><a href="Naver_Whale" title="Naver Whale">Whale</a></li>

<li><a href="Yandex_Browser" title="Yandex Browser">Yandex</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">FOSS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chromium_(web_browser)" title="Chromium (web browser)">Chromium</a></li>

<li><a href="Brave_(web_browser)" title="Brave (web browser)">Brave</a></li>

<li><a href="Dooble" title="Dooble">Dooble</a></li>

<li><a href="Falkon" title="Falkon">Falkon</a></li>

<li><a href="Otter_Browser" title="Otter Browser">Otter</a></li>

<li><a href="Supermium" title="Supermium">Supermium</a></li>

<li><a href="Ungoogled-chromium" title="Ungoogled-chromium">ungoogled</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Gecko_(software)" title="Gecko (software)">Gecko</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a></li>

<li><a href="Floorp" title="Floorp">Floorp</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU_IceCat" title="GNU IceCat">GNU IceCat</a></li>

<li><a href="LibreWolf" title="LibreWolf">LibreWolf</a></li>

<li><a href="Midori_(web_browser)" title="Midori (web browser)">Midori</a></li>

<li><a href="SlimBrowser" title="SlimBrowser">SlimBrowser</a></li>

<li>Gecko <a href="Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">forks</a>

<ul><li><a href="Basilisk_(web_browser)" title="Basilisk (web browser)">Basilisk</a></li>

<li><a href="K-Meleon" title="K-Meleon">K-Meleon</a></li>

<li><a href="SeaMonkey" title="SeaMonkey">SeaMonkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Waterfox" title="Waterfox">Waterfox</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="WebKit" title="WebKit">WebKit</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a></li>

<li><a href="GNOME_Web" title="GNOME Web">GNOME Web</a></li>

<li><a href="Kagi_(search_engine)#Orion_Browser" title="Kagi (search engine)">Orion</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-<a href="Browser_engine" title="Browser engine">engine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="DuckDuckGo_Private_Browser" title="DuckDuckGo Private Browser">DuckDuckGo</a></li>

<li><a href="Konqueror" title="Konqueror">Konqueror</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunascape" title="Lunascape">Lunascape</a></li>

<li><a href="NetFront" title="NetFront">NetFront</a></li>

<li><a href="Qutebrowser" title="Qutebrowser">qutebrowser</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dillo" title="Dillo">Dillo</a></li>

<li><a href="Ladybird_(web_browser)" title="Ladybird (web browser)">Ladybird</a></li>

<li><a href="Links_(web_browser)" title="Links (web browser)">Links</a></li>

<li><a href="NetSurf" title="NetSurf">NetSurf</a></li>

<li><a href="Opera_Mini" title="Opera Mini">Opera Mini</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Discontinued181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Discontinued</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Blink_(browser_engine)" title="Blink (browser engine)">Blink</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Beaker_(web_browser)" title="Beaker (web browser)">Beaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Citrio" title="Citrio">Citrio</a></li>

<li><a href="Flock_(web_browser)" title="Flock (web browser)">Flock</a></li>

<li><a href="Redcore" title="Redcore">Redcore</a></li>

<li><a href="Rockmelt" title="Rockmelt">Rockmelt</a></li>

<li><a href="SalamWeb" title="SalamWeb">SalamWeb</a></li>

<li><a href="Sputnik_(search_engine)#Browser" title="Sputnik (search engine)">Sputnik</a></li>

<li><a href="Torch_(web_browser)" title="Torch (web browser)">Torch</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Gecko_(software)" title="Gecko (software)">Gecko</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Beonex_Communicator" title="Beonex Communicator">Beonex</a></li>

<li><a href="Camino_(web_browser)" title="Camino (web browser)">Camino</a></li>

<li><a href="Classilla" title="Classilla">Classilla</a></li>

<li><a href="Conkeror" title="Conkeror">Conkeror</a></li>

<li><a href="Firefox_Lite" title="Firefox Lite">Firefox Lite</a></li>

<li><a href="Galeon" title="Galeon">Galeon</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghostzilla" title="Ghostzilla">Ghostzilla</a></li>

<li><a href="Comodo_IceDragon" title="Comodo IceDragon">IceDragon</a></li>

<li><a href="Kazehakase" title="Kazehakase">Kazehakase</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Lotus_Symphony" title="IBM Lotus Symphony">Lotus</a></li>

<li><a href="MicroB" title="MicroB">MicroB</a></li>

<li><a href="Minimo" title="Minimo">Minimo</a></li>

<li><a href="Mozilla_Application_Suite" title="Mozilla Application Suite">Mozilla suite</a></li>

<li><a href="PirateBrowser" title="PirateBrowser">PirateBrowser</a></li>

<li><a href="Kirix_Strata" title="Kirix Strata">Strata</a></li>

<li><a href="Swiftfox" title="Swiftfox">Swiftfox</a></li>

<li><a href="Swiftweasel" title="Swiftweasel">Swiftweasel</a></li>

<li><a href="TenFourFox" class="mw-redirect" title="TenFourFox">TenFourFox</a></li>

<li><a href="Timberwolf_(web_browser)" title="Timberwolf (web browser)">Timberwolf</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Trident_(software)" title="Trident (software)">MSHTML</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a></li>

<li><a href="Deepnet_Explorer" title="Deepnet Explorer">Deepnet</a></li>

<li><a href="GreenBrowser" title="GreenBrowser">GreenBrowser</a></li>

<li><a href="MediaBrowser" title="MediaBrowser">MediaBrowser</a></li>

<li><a href="MSN_Dial-Up_Internet_Access#MSN_Explorer" title="MSN Dial-Up Internet Access">MSN Explorer</a></li>

<li><a href="MSN_Dial-Up_Internet_Access#MSN_2.0" title="MSN Dial-Up Internet Access">MSN Program Viewer</a></li>

<li><a href="NeoPlanet" title="NeoPlanet">NeoPlanet</a></li>

<li><a href="NetCaptor" title="NetCaptor">NetCaptor</a></li>

<li><a href="SpaceTime_(software)" title="SpaceTime (software)">SpaceTime</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Arora_(web_browser)" title="Arora (web browser)">Arora</a></li>

<li><a href="Dolphin_Browser" title="Dolphin Browser">Dolphin</a></li>

<li><a href="Fluid_(web_browser)" title="Fluid (web browser)">Fluid</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_TV_(smart_TV_platform)" class="mw-redirect" title="Google TV (smart TV platform)">Google TV</a></li>

<li><a href="Mercury_Browser" title="Mercury Browser">Mercury</a></li>

<li><a href="Nokia_Browser_for_Symbian" title="Nokia Browser for Symbian">Nokia Symbian</a></li>

<li><a href="OmniWeb" title="OmniWeb">OmniWeb</a></li>

<li><a href="Opera_Coast" title="Opera Coast">Opera Coast</a></li>

<li><a href="Origyn_Web_Browser" title="Origyn Web Browser">Origyn</a></li>

<li><a href="QtWeb" title="QtWeb">QtWeb</a></li>

<li><a href="Shiira" title="Shiira">Shiira</a></li>

<li><a href="Steel_(web_browser)" title="Steel (web browser)">Steel</a></li>

<li><a href="WebPositive" class="mw-redirect" title="WebPositive">WebPositive</a></li>

<li><a href="Xombrero" title="Xombrero">xombrero</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abaco_(web_browser)" title="Abaco (web browser)">abaco</a></li>

<li><a href="Amaya_(web_editor)" title="Amaya (web editor)">Amaya</a></li>

<li><a href="Arachne_(web_browser)" title="Arachne (web browser)">Arachne</a></li>

<li><a href="Arena_(web_browser)" title="Arena (web browser)">Arena</a></li>

<li><a href="Blazer_(web_browser)" title="Blazer (web browser)">Blazer</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Live_Labs_Deepfish" title="Microsoft Live Labs Deepfish">Deepfish</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Edge_Legacy" title="Microsoft Edge Legacy">Edge Legacy</a></li>

<li><a href="ELinks" title="ELinks">ELinks</a></li>

<li><a href="Gazelle_(web_browser)" title="Gazelle (web browser)">Gazelle</a></li>

<li><a href="HotJava" title="HotJava">HotJava</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Home_Page_Reader" title="IBM Home Page Reader">IBM Home Page Reader</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_WebExplorer" title="IBM WebExplorer">IBM WebExplorer</a></li>

<li><a href="IBrowse" title="IBrowse">IBrowse</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_Explorer_for_Mac" title="Internet Explorer for Mac">Internet Explorer for Mac</a></li>

<li><a href="KidZui" title="KidZui">KidZui</a></li>

<li><a href="Mosaic_(web_browser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic (web browser)">Mosaic</a></li>

<li><a href="NetPositive" class="mw-redirect" title="NetPositive">NetPositive</a></li>

<li><a href="Netscape_(web_browser)" title="Netscape (web browser)">Netscape</a></li>

<li><a href="Skweezer" title="Skweezer">Skweezer</a></li>

<li><a href="Skyfire_(company)" title="Skyfire (company)">Skyfire</a></li>

<li><a href="ThunderHawk" title="ThunderHawk">ThunderHawk</a></li>

<li><a href="Vision_Mobile_Browser" title="Vision Mobile Browser">Vision</a></li>

<li><a href="WinWAP" title="WinWAP">WinWAP</a></li>

<li><a href="WorldWideWeb" title="WorldWideWeb">WorldWideWeb</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_web_browsers" title="Comparison of web browsers">Comparison</a></li>

<li>Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Web_interfaces26" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Web_interfaces26" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Web_API" title="Web API">Web interfaces</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div id="Server-side154"><a href="Server-side" class="mw-redirect" title="Server-side">Server-side</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Protocols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="HTTPS" title="HTTPS">Encryption</a></li>

<li><a href="WebDAV" title="WebDAV">WebDAV</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSocket</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Server_application_programming_interface" title="Server application programming interface">Server APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Netscape_Server_Application_Programming_Interface" title="Netscape Server Application Programming Interface">C NSAPI</a></li>

<li><a href="Apache_HTTP_Server#Feature_overview" title="Apache HTTP Server">C ASAPI</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_Server_Application_Programming_Interface" title="Internet Server Application Programming Interface">C ISAPI</a></li>

<li><a href="Jakarta_Servlet" title="Jakarta Servlet">Jakarta Servlet</a>

<ul><li><a href="Web_container" title="Web container">container</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="HTTP_handler" title="HTTP handler">ASP.NET Handler</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_Server_Gateway_Interface" title="Web Server Gateway Interface">Python WSGI</a></li>

<li><a href="Asynchronous_Server_Gateway_Interface" title="Asynchronous Server Gateway Interface">Python ASGI</a></li>

<li><a href="JSGI" title="JSGI">JavaScript JSGI</a></li>

<li><a href="Java_Portlet_Specification" title="Java Portlet Specification">Portlet</a>

<ul><li><a href="Java_Portlet_Specification" title="Java Portlet Specification">container</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_Apache_modules" title="List of Apache modules">Apache modules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Server_Side_Includes" title="Server Side Includes">mod_include</a></li>

<li><a href="Mod_parrot" class="mw-redirect" title="Mod parrot">mod_parrot</a></li>

<li><a href="Mod_proxy" title="Mod proxy">mod_proxy</a></li>

<li><a href="Mod_python" title="Mod python">mod_python</a></li>

<li><a href="Phusion_Passenger" title="Phusion Passenger">Phusion Passenger</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Web_service" title="Web service">Web service</a> vs. <a href="Web_resource" title="Web resource">Web resource</a></li>

<li><a href="Webhook" title="Webhook">Webhook</a></li>

<li><a href="Application_server" title="Application server">Application server</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_application_servers" title="List of application servers">comparison</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Server-side_scripting" title="Server-side scripting">Scripting</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div id="Client-side89"><a href="Client-side" class="mw-redirect" title="Client-side">Client-side</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Plug-in_(computing)" title="Plug-in (computing)">Browser APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="NPAPI" title="NPAPI">C NPAPI</a>

<ul><li><a href="NPAPI#LiveConnect" title="NPAPI">LiveConnect</a></li>

<li><a href="NPAPI#XPConnect" title="NPAPI">XPConnect</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="NPAPI#NPRuntime" title="NPAPI">C NPRuntime</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Native_Client#Pepper" title="Google Native Client">C PPAPI</a>

<li><a href="ActiveX" title="ActiveX">ActiveX</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Web_API#Client_side" title="Web API">Web APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="HTML_audio" title="HTML audio">Audio</a></li>

<li><a href="Canvas_element" title="Canvas element">Canvas</a></li>

<li><a href="HTML_video" title="HTML video">Video</a></li>

<li><a href="WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSockets</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_Messaging" title="Web Messaging">Web messaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_storage" title="Web storage">Web storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_worker" title="Web worker">Web worker</a></li>

<li><a href="XMLHttpRequest" title="XMLHttpRequest">XMLHttpRequest</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="DOM_event" title="DOM event">DOM events</a></li>

<li><a href="W3C_Geolocation_API" title="W3C Geolocation API">Geolocation</a></li>

<li><a href="Indexed_Database_API" title="Indexed Database API">IndexedDB</a></li>

<li><a href="WebAuthn" title="WebAuthn">WebAuthn</a></li>

<li><a href="WebGPU" title="WebGPU">WebGPU</a></li>

<li><a href="WebRTC" title="WebRTC">WebRTC</a></li>

<li><a href="WebXR" title="WebXR">WebXR</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Khronos_Group" title="Khronos Group">Khronos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="WebCL" title="WebCL">WebCL</a></li>

<li><a href="WebGL" title="WebGL">WebGL</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gears_(software)" title="Gears (software)">Gears</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_SQL_Database" title="Web SQL Database">Web SQL Database</a> (formerly W3C)</li>

<li><a href="WebUSB" title="WebUSB">WebUSB</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ajax_(programming)" title="Ajax (programming)">Ajax</a> and <a href="Remote_scripting" title="Remote scripting">Remote scripting</a> vs. <a href="Dynamic_HTML" title="Dynamic HTML">DHTML</a></li>

<li><a href="Browser_extension" title="Browser extension">Browser extension</a></li>

<li><a href="Cross-site_scripting" title="Cross-site scripting">Cross-site scripting</a> and <a href="Cross-origin_resource_sharing" title="Cross-origin resource sharing">CORS</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydration_(web_development)" title="Hydration (web development)">Hydration</a></li>

<li><a href="Mashup_(web_application_hybrid)" title="Mashup (web application hybrid)">Mashup</a></li>

<li><a href="Client-side_persistent_data" title="Client-side persistent data">Persistent data</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_web_page#Client-side_scripting" title="Dynamic web page">Scripting</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Frontend_and_backend" title="Frontend and backend">Frontend and backend</a></li>

<li><a href="Microservices" title="Microservices">Microservices</a>

<li><a href="GraphQL" title="GraphQL">GraphQL</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Push_technology" title="Push technology">Push technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Solution_stack" title="Solution stack">Solution stack</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Static_web_page" title="Static web page">Static</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_web_page" title="Dynamic web page">Dynamic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Web_standards" title="Web standards">Web standards</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_API_security" title="Web API security">Web API security</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_application" title="Web application">Web application</a>

<li><a href="Single-page_application" title="Single-page application">Single-page</a></li>

<li><a href="Progressive_web_app" title="Progressive web app">Progressive</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Web_framework" title="Web framework">Web framework</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="JavaScript497" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="JavaScript497" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Static_program_analysis" title="Static program analysis">Code analysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ESLint" title="ESLint">ESLint</a></li>

<li><a href="JSHint" title="JSHint">JSHint</a></li>

<li><a href="JSLint" title="JSLint">JSLint</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Subset" title="Subset">Supersets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ArkTS" title="ArkTS">ArkTS</a></li>

<li><a href="TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Source-to-source_compiler" title="Source-to-source compiler">Transpilers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AtScript" title="AtScript">AtScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Babel_(transcompiler)" title="Babel (transcompiler)">Babel</a></li>

<li><a href="ClojureScript" class="mw-redirect" title="ClojureScript">ClojureScript</a></li>

<li><a href="CoffeeScript" title="CoffeeScript">CoffeeScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Emscripten" title="Emscripten">Emscripten</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Closure_Compiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Closure Compiler">Google Closure Compiler</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Web_Toolkit" title="Google Web Toolkit">Google Web Toolkit</a></li>

<li><a href="LiveScript_(programming_language)" title="LiveScript (programming language)">LiveScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Morfik" title="Morfik">Morfik</a></li>

<li><a href="PureScript" title="PureScript">PureScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Reason_(programming_language)" title="Reason (programming language)">Reason</a></li>

<li><a href="WebSharper" title="WebSharper">WebSharper</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="JavaScript_library" title="JavaScript library">JavaScript library</a></li>

<li><a href="JavaScript_syntax" title="JavaScript syntax">JavaScript syntax</a></li>

<li><a href="JavaScript_stack" title="JavaScript stack">JavaScript stack</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Debugger" title="Debugger">Debuggers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chrome_(browser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrome (browser)">Chrome DevTools</a></li>

<li><a href="Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a> Inspector</li>

<li><a href="Komodo_IDE" title="Komodo IDE">Komodo IDE</a></li>

<li><a href="Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a> Web Inspector</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Documentation_generator" title="Documentation generator">Documentation generators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="JSDoc" title="JSDoc">JSDoc</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Editors (<a href="Comparison_of_JavaScript-based_source_code_editors" title="Comparison of JavaScript-based source code editors">comparison</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cloud9_IDE" title="Cloud9 IDE">Cloud9 IDE</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="CodeMirror" title="CodeMirror">CodeMirror</a>

<ul><li><a href="Brackets_(text_editor)" title="Brackets (text editor)">Brackets</a></li>

<li><a href="Light_Table_(software)" title="Light Table (software)">Light Table</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="PhpStorm" class="mw-redirect" title="PhpStorm">PhpStorm</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Eclipse_projects#Top-level_sub-projects" title="List of Eclipse projects">Orion</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_Studio" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a>

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_Visual_Studio_Express" title="Microsoft Visual Studio Express">Visual Studio Express</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Visual_Studio_Code" title="Visual Studio Code">Visual Studio Code</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_Studio#Azure_DevOps_Services" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio Team Services</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="JavaScript_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="JavaScript engine">Engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_ECMAScript_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ECMAScript engines">List of ECMAScript engines</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Software_framework" title="Software framework">Frameworks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_JavaScript-based_web_frameworks" title="Comparison of JavaScript-based web frameworks">Comparison of JavaScript frameworks</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_JavaScript_libraries" title="List of JavaScript libraries">List of JavaScript libraries</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <a href="Technology" title="Technology">technologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="AssemblyScript" title="AssemblyScript">AssemblyScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">Cascading Style Sheets</a></li>

<li><a href="Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">Document Object Model</a></li>

<li><a href="WebAuthn" title="WebAuthn">WebAuthn</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Package_manager" title="Package manager">Package managers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Module bundlers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Webpack" title="Webpack">Webpack</a></li>

<li><a href="Esbuild" title="Esbuild">esbuild</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Server-side_JavaScript" class="mw-redirect" title="Server-side JavaScript">Server-side</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Active_Server_Pages" title="Active Server Pages">Active Server Pages</a></li>

<li><a href="CommonJS" title="CommonJS">CommonJS</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Unit_testing" title="Unit testing">Unit testing</a> frameworks (<a href="List_of_unit_testing_frameworks#JavaScript" title="List of unit testing frameworks">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jasmine_(software)" title="Jasmine (software)">Jasmine</a></li>

<li><a href="Mocha_(JavaScript_framework)" title="Mocha (JavaScript framework)">Mocha</a></li>

<li><a href="QUnit" title="QUnit">QUnit</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Douglas_Crockford" title="Douglas Crockford">Douglas Crockford</a></li>

<li><a href="Brendan_Eich" title="Brendan Eich">Brendan Eich</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Resig" title="John Resig">John Resig</a></li>

<li><a href="Jesse_James_Garrett" title="Jesse James Garrett">Jesse James Garrett</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-19" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=WebAssembly&oldid=1296281440">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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